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Werkspoor engines

Werkspoor N.V. (Amsterdam) was a Dutch machine builder that developed four-stroke and two-stroke diesel engines for ships (and for steam-to-diesel locomotive and stationary service) from the early 1900s into the 1980s. The engine business passed through a 1954 merger with Stork (Verenigde Machinefabrieken, "VMF"), a 1969 consolidation into Stork-Werkspoor Diesel (SWD), and a 1989 acquisition by the Finnish Wärtsilä group.<ref name="RMM" />

History and lineage

• 1902 — small stationary diesel built under licence from MAN.
• 1905 — experimental 160 hp engine under chief designer C. Kloos.
• 1908–1910 — own-design 4-cylinder non-reversing trunk-piston marine unit (auxiliary on the

 schooner *San Antonio*; a bridge-controlled reversible propeller, also built by Werkspoor in 1909);
 a similar 200 bhp plant on *Cornelis*.

• 1910 — first direct-reversing marine diesel: a 6-cylinder four-stroke crosshead engine,

 400 mm bore / 600 mm stroke, ~500 bhp at 180 rpm, propelling the 1,200 dwt oil
 tanker *Vulcanus* (in service 1910–1932).

• 1912 — 6-cylinder directly-reversible engine, 1,100 ihp, on Anglo-Saxon Petroleum's tanker

 *Juno* (pistons withdrawable — a Werkspoor patent, per Shell-owned Anglo-Saxon / *Emanuel Nobel*).

• WWI and after — designers G. J. Lugt and W. J. van Essen, under C. Kloos, refined the engines;

 Lugt patented the single-camshaft reversing mechanism; van Essen, with a US licensee, a totally
 enclosed engine.

• 1920 — 21 marine diesel engines in construction in Amsterdam; 6 more at the UK licensees

 North Eastern Marine Engineering and Hawthorn Leslie; ~200 cylinders total; 45 auxiliary engines
 partly built by Bofors (Sweden); 10 at Skandia Manufacturing, San Francisco.

• 1924 — experimental double-acting single cylinder, 800 mm / 1,400 mm, 750 ihp at

 95 rpm, run non-stop at full load for 20 days (NEM, Wallsend). Anglo-Saxon then booked twelve
 double-acting engines at 4,000 ihp each for the *Phobos*-class tankers.

• Late 1920s — pressure charging and a semi-rotary director-valve with six combined valves

 (the Lugt-Zulvern patent). The KNSM ship *Colombia* took 8-cylinder 780 mm / 1,400 mm
 engines at 4,000 hp / 115 rpm — then the largest-bore four-stroke engine built.<ref name="RMM" />

• The *Megara* and *Mirza* (10,750 dwt), and an order from Royal Dutch / Shell for 18 six-cylinder

 630 mm / 1,100 mm engines at 2,100 hp / 130 rpm.

• 1930 — first direct solid-fuel injection at Werkspoor, a four-stroke stationary unit,

 700 hp / 300 rpm, 7-cylinder, 350 mm / 570 mm, for a pumping station.

• 1932 — first Werkspoor marine engines with direct fuel injection on L. Smit / International

 Towing's *Zwarte Zee* (the world's most powerful oceangoing tug, 33 years in service): two direct-reversing
 pressure-charged six-cylinder engines, 500 mm / 650 mm, ~2,000 ihp each; with
 1,000 mm / 380 mm piston-scavenging pumps (Lugt's design).

• 1933 — the single-acting four-stroke crosshead KMWS engine (under-piston pressure

 charging), 6- and 8-cylinder, 1,600 bhp / 145 rpm up to 4,250 bhp / 120 rpm;
 ~150 built by Hawthorn Leslie 1935–45.

• WWII — under Lugt: a new two-stroke pressure-charged heavy-fuel-oil engine; a two-cylinder

 experimental built 1946; Lugt died in July 1948.

• 1947 / 1951 — test engine completed 1947; first production Werkspoor–Lugt: a 4-cylinder

 1,800 hp / 165 rpm on heavy fuel, in the cargo liner *Prins Frederik Willem* (1951). The
 Werkspoor–Lugt programme ran naturally-aspirated 4- to 12-cylinder (1,800–7,200 bhp / 125–165 rpm)
 and turbocharged (2,400–9,600 bhp).

• 1954 — Werkspoor N.V. merged with Stork (Hengelo), forming VMF /

 Stork-Werkspoor (~10,000 employees). The new marine diesel blended Stork's two-stroke
 HOTLo design (see Stork engines) with the Werkspoor two-stroke engines into the
 SW-type, 900 mm bore / 1,700 mm stroke.

• Feb 1966 — a 6-cylinder SW-type set a power world record; the source figure of "3,333 bhp

 per cylinder" appears to be in error and is shown here as the 6-cylinder total pending correction.

• 1969 — all VMF / Stork-Werkspoor diesel activity moved to Stork-Werkspoor Diesel (SWD), an

 operating company of Werkspoor-Amsterdam N.V.; low-speed marine development at Stork Hengelo stopped;
 the Kromhout engine works in Amsterdam (in the VMF group since 1966) were closed. SWD ran an
 Amsterdam factory, a Zwolle production / test unit, and a Weesp workshop.

• 1963+ — medium-speed four-stroke trunk-piston TM410 series (8-cylinder, 410 mm bore,

 prototype running by end-1966; initial 500 bhp/cyl at 500 rpm on MGO); first two 6-cylinder
 TM410s on the 9,000  ihp-class tug *Rode Zee* (sea-trial August 1968); offered inline-6 to V20.

• Mid-1970s+ — TM620 series (620 mm bore), rated the world's largest and most powerful

 medium-speed engine for several years.

• 1989 — Stork-Werkspoor Diesel was acquired by Finland-based Wärtsilä; the SWD medium-speed

 engines were phased out and replaced by the Wärtsilä 26 and 38 series (largely designed by ex-SWD
 staff and built at Zwolle).<ref name="RMM" />

Model list

Werkspoor / Stork-Werkspoor diesel engines
Engine	Cycle	Bore / stroke	Cyl.	Power	Speed	Years
SW 280	? (4- or 2-stroke, to verify)	280 / 300 mm	6, 8, 9, 12	1,500–3,500 kW (295 kW/cyl)	—	1960s–
TM410	4-stroke	410 mm	6–10 (incl. V)	~500 bhp/cyl	500 rpm	1963–
TM620	4-stroke	620 mm	6–12 (incl. V)	world's largest med-speed (era)	—	mid-1970s–
Werkspoor–Lugt (NA/TC)	2-stroke	—	4–12	NA 1,800–7,200 bhp; TC 2,400–9,600 bhp	125–165 rpm	1951–
SW-type (slow-speed)	2-stroke	900 / 1,700 mm	6+	world record Feb 1966 (6-cyl; figure disputed)	117 rpm	1957–
KMWS	4-stroke	—	6, 8	1,600–4,250 bhp	145–120 rpm	1933–
First reversible marine	4-stroke	400 / 600 mm	6	~500 bhp	180 rpm	1910

See also

Stork engines · Kromhout engines · Wärtsilä engines · MAN (1902 licence) · Hawthorn Leslie (licencee) · Bofors (auxiliary builder)

References

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